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751018BG.JOH
Prabhupada:
dvau bhuta-sargau loke 'smin
daiva asura eva ca daivo vistarasah prokta asuram partha me srnu [Bg. 16.6] There are two classes of men throughout the whole universe. One class is called daiva and the other class is called asura. Daiva asura eva ca. Daivo vistarasah proktah. So far the devas are concerned, Krsna has explained in various ways in the last chapters, ahimsa, ksanti, arjavam, how to practice this things. So visnu-bhakto bhaved devah asuras tad-viparyayah. These two classes, how they are ascertained? One who is a devotee of the Supreme Lord Visnu, they are called deva, or demigods, and persons who know Visnu or may not knowon the whole, they are not devotees of Visnueven they are devotee of other demigods, they are called asura. Just like Ravana. Ravana, he was a great devotee of Lord Siva, but he is described as asura, raksasa. Similarly, Hiranyakasipu was a great devotee of Lord Brahma; still, he is accepted as raksasa. So unless one is Vaisnava or devotee of the Lord Visnu, he is asura or raksasa. This is the instruction of the sastra.
In modern days also, practically nobody is devotee, so how they are described in the Bhagavad-gita? They are described as duskrtinah, mudhah, naradhamah, mayayapahrta-jnanah, asuram bhavam asritah [Bg. 7.15]. These asuras also divided into so many classes. The first-class asura is the duskrtina, one who is engaged in sinful meritorious action. Sinful meritorious. Just like a big thief. There are many organization of smugglers, black market, thieves. They have got brain to organize. Without brain they cannot organize. Now, in the Western countries there are big, big organizations simply for smuggling, cheating, bluffing, and very good brain, educated, lawyers. I have seen practically in New York these cheating concerns. There are many lawyers to help them how to cheat. And they make arrangement, take money from one, cheating. Many organizations. So they are called duskrtina. They are educated. They have got good brain, they can act very nicely, but their intelligence is being used for sinful activities. They are called duskrtina. They do not know how they shall use their brain. That is going on.
That is jada-vidya, mayar vaibhava. They can expand the influence of maya. We are already influenced by maya. Prakrtim mohinim sritah. We have taken this material world as very fascinating, very attractive. We want to stay here and enjoy. This is material life. Everyone who is attracted to the material world, they are sinful or fallen. Krsna-bahirmukha hana bhoga vancha kare. The, our material life begins... We are spirit soul. When our material life...? When we try to deny, try to not serve Krsna but independently we want to enjoy life, that is called material life. Independently we want to enjoy without Krsna, without God. That is called material life. So such persons are called demons.
So the symptoms of demon... Krsna says, daivo vistarasah proktah: "I have already spoken elaborately about the persons who are daiva, who are on the platform of demigods. Now..." Prokta asuram partha me srnu: "Now I am describing who are the asuras. Just try to understand." The first symptoms of asura is, it is said,
Very nicely described. The first symptom is pravrtti and nivrtti. Why we are in this material world, when it has begunthat the asuras do not know. Sometimes they ask that "Why we have come to this material world? We are suffering, we can understand." Or sometimes they say, "God is unjust, unkind, that they have created this material world and we have been put into it," so on, so on. But actually this pravrtti, this intention or this purpose of enjoying this material world, is not given to you by God. We have created. God's desire is that you become a devotee. Sarva-dharman parityajya mam ekam saranam vraja [Bg. 18.66]. That is God's desire. But you don't want it.
We don't want to stop the tendency of material enjoyment. No nivrtti. The human life is meant for nivrtti. The cats' and dogs' life is for pravrtti. The sex desire, they cannot stop it. It is not possible. If you teach some dogs that "You forget the sex life," it is impossible. That is not possible. So they cannot stop this desire of sex life. But if a human being can be induced... Therefore there is brahmacarya system, there is Vedic education, there is Bhagavad-gita, so many other things. If people take advantage of these books they can stop this pravrtti, this intense desire for enjoying this material world. But the asuras, they do not know that what we should accept and what we should not accept. Pravrtti means to accept something, and nivrtti means to deny something. So they do not know. This is the first symptom of the asuras. Pravrttim ca nivrttim ca na viduh. Pravrttim ca nivrttim ca jana na vidur asurah, asurah janah [Bg. 16.7], those who are demons, asuras, they do not know it.
Then next symptom? Na saucam: They are very unclean. These things you will find nowadays everywhere, all over the world. They are not clean. The cleanliness is next to godliness. To rise early in the morning and cleanse yourself, evacuate, then take bath, cleanse your teeth, cleanse your hands, legs, and be refreshed, that is required. Saucam. Suci. This is the brahmana's business. Just like brahmana's another name is suci. And one who does not observe the cleanliness process, he is called muci, means cobbler. So this is the symptom, that the asuras, they do not know which way is their goal of life. Na saucam: "They are very unclean." Na saucam.
Napi ca acarah: "They do not know etiquette." Acara. Acara means one should learn how to behave. That makes a gentleman and a rough person. Napi cacarah. Acarah means... Acaryavan puruso veda. Acarah, this is... Acarah means he learns from the sastra how we should live, that, preliminary, that you must take bath, you must wash your hands after eating or you must take bath after evacuating. So many things are there. Nitya-karma-vidhi. In the Vedic literature you find all these directions, but now they have given up. Especially Vedic culture was there long, long ago all over the world. But now that is finished. Now in India, also, where little Vedic principles were still glowing, that is now being finished also. Napi ca acarah. They are learning from the Westerns how to remain unclean, how to eat meat, how to drink wine, and so on, so on, so many things.
Napi cacaro na satyam tesu vidyate. And they do not know what is truth or what is truthfulness. Or, in other words, everyone is liar. I have seen many big, big gentlemen that for nothing they will speak lies, for nothing, without any profit. They will speak so many lies. Na satyam tesu vidyate. To become truthful is one of the brahminical qualifications. Satyam. That is required. But the asuras, they don't care for. They will go on, telling lies, volumes of lies. They don't mind for it. These are the symptoms. Na saucam napi cacaro na satyam tesu. And their life is aimless, not actual life. Real life means with aim. The asuras, they have no aim. They do not know what is the aim, neither they follow. Then? Other symptom?
Their other philosophy is that there is no God. Jagad ahur anisvaram [Bg. 16.8]. As soon as you say that "God has created the cosmic material world, the sky. God has created," they will laugh at you "Ha, God has created. Why you bring God?" Someone was telling me that in some scientific conference they first of all warn that "Don't bring God in any of your statements." What is that? Do you know? So these asuras, their first business is how to convince people that everything has taken place by accident or by combination of matter. There is no question of accepted God, the creator. That's all. What is that?
Devotee: This one I'm offering to you. (?)
Prabhupada: So asatyam apratistham. And the so-called sannyasi, because they are atheist, they say that asatyam: "This material world is maya. It has no truth. What you are seeing, it is illusion." Asatyam. But we do not say like that. We say as we learn from Bhagavad-gita, we say that Krsna says, bhumir apo 'nalo vayuh kham mano buddhir eva ca bhinna me prakrtir astadha [Bg. 7.4]. Krsna says, "They are My prakrti, My energy." Bhumir apah analah. So because it is Krsna's prakrti...
Just like I am a person. I can create something very good, and I can create something not very good. But I can create something not very good... Just like another practical example. I cook something and some of the preparation, people say, "Oh, it is very good," and some of the preparation, they say, "It is not so good, but it is nice." But you cannot say any of the things as mithya. That you cannot say. You are practically eating, and somebody has prepared it, so how you can say it is mithya, it is false? No. That is not our version. You can say... That is also according to taste. You like some sour things; another likes some sweet things. So the person who likes sour things, he says, "Oh, it is very nice." And one who likes sweet things, he may say, "No, it is not so good. This is very nice, the sweet." But either the sour or the sweet thing is prepared by the same cook. You cannot say it is false. It is the energy of the same cook, so you cannot say it is false.
So it is a false... When the Mayavadi sannyasis say that jagan mithya, Jagad ahur anisvaram [Bg. 16.8], "There is no God..." The Bauddha philosophers, they say that "This jagat, this world, has come into existence by combination of matter." The modern scientists also say. They say that "Chemical evolution, by combination of chemicals, everything has come out, but there is no creator." They will deny this. This is the symptom of the asura. So from this instruction you can understand who is a rascal and asura. As soon as they say that "There is no God. The world is created by chance. By chance..." Aparaspara-bhutam. Aparaspara: "One thing mixed with another thing..."
How the example? The example is kim anyat kama-haitukam. Just like a man and woman, by chance they become lusty and have sex, and the woman becomes pregnant, and the child is coming, just like this is a creation, accidentally, accident. The man or woman becomes lusty accidentally, and there is sex and therefore the creation of the child. This is their theory, not that "This child is a living entity, and he is coming from his last birth, and he's taking particular type of body according to his last birth," no conclusion like that. "God is the judge what kind of body he should get." Daiva-netrena.
Karmana daiva-netrena [SB 3.31.1]. There are so many things behind this child's birth. Why this child is coming to a poor father or rich father if it is accident? Why one child is suffering, one is not, is very comfortable position? So there is behind so many things, but they do not know. Because they are asura, they think, "It is accident" or "there is no life. Kill it. If you feel botheration then kill it. Finish this business." These are the asuric conclusion. Jagad ahur... asatyam apratistham. This is false. They say that jagan mithya, "So we have nothing to do." Brahma satyam and... Brahman is satya, that's fact, but we say, we Vaisnavas say, that "The jagat is created by Brahman. How it is false? How the satya can create asatya?" This logic they cannot understand. If the man who has created, who has cooked so many nice things, so if he is a fact, then the cooking is also a fact. How you can say the cooking is false? That is not knowledge.
Therefore sometimes we find that although they say it is mithya, jagan mithya, and take sannyasa and for some days they remain meditation or aloof from any worldly affairs, but later on, when they do not find Brahman, they come again to this maya to open hospitals, schools, as sannyasi. Just like in our country there are many. The beginning we see that... Vivekananda Swami, he took sannyasa and meditation. Later on, after his touring in the Western countries, he came to India to open hospitals, schools, like that. But if the world is false, then why you are coming to open school and hospitals? Because they could not get... And some other sannyasi also, he is now taking part in politics. If jagat is mithya, why you are taking part in politics? These question are there.
Actually they do not know what is what, what is the adjustment. But our philosophy, Vaisnava philosophy, we don't say that "There is no God" or "This world is created by accident or combination of matter." We don't say that. We say that God is the creator. Not we say, but the Vedanta says. The essence of Vedic knowledge, Vedanta philosophy, Vyasadeva, he says that janmady asya yatah: [SB 1.1.1] "The source of janma or creation, the maintenance and annihilation, the source..." Where it is? Yato va imani bhutani jayante. This is Vedic information. That is Brahman, wherefrom everything is coming. The same thing is said in the Vedanta-sutra. Janmady asya yatah [SB 1.1.1]. Athato brahma jijnasa.
So janmady asya yatah, that is explained in the Srimad-Bhagavatam. What is that janmady asya yatah, the original source of everything? What is that? It is a matter or a living being? But the two things, we have got experience. We see that everything is coming... Suppose this microphone, it has come from matter and... Actually it has not come from matter, it has come from the living being who has manufactured it. But we foolishly concluding that it is a combination of matter. Who has combined this matter to make it usable? So this is less knowledge, that this is combination of several parts of material things and it is working. But who has manufactured those different parts of the electronics and other things? It has not come out all of a sudden from the sky. It has been manufactured by some living entity. So this is knowledge.
So janmady asya yatah [SB 1.1.1], the atheist class, the so-called scientists, asuras, they say it is a chemical combination, by accident. We don't say like that. We say the janmady asya, the original source of everything, is a person. Janmady asya yatah anvayad itaratas ca arthesu abhijnah [SB 1.1.1]. Just like this microphone, if I say accidentally all the material things, electronics parts, mixed together and became a micro... No, we don't say that. We say, "This is manufactured by somebody who is very expert in dealing with these parts." That is our knowledge. Janmady asya yatah anvayad itaratas carthesu abhijnah. The person who has mixed together these different parts is very expert, abhijnah. That is right conclusion. And if you, as a rascal, if you say that "All of a sudden the material partsthere are many partsthey became assembled; just like one lusty man becomes accidentally lusty desire and the woman also becomes, they unite," it is not like that. It is not accident. There is brain. So every creation has got a brain behind it. Therefore it is said, abhijnah. Janmady asya yatah anvayad itaratas carthesu abhijnah [SB 1.1.1]. That abhijnah is God, Krsna, one who knows things, how to do it. So in this way, if we study that the asuras, their symptoms are described... So asuras are condemned. They cannot have any happiness. They'll simply go on theorizing. There is no solution, so one has to become deva. Visnu-bhakto bhaved devah. If we remain asuras, rascals, then our life is spoiled. Thank you very much. [break]
Devotee (1): These qualities that you were talking about, saucam, do they develop naturally?
Prabhupada: If you practice as they are described in the sastra, then gradually you become released from the asura stage and come to the deva stage. Then you understand everything rightly. And if you keep yourself as asuras, then you will never be happy.
Pusta Krsna: The statement here is that the material world is founded on lust. This is the asuric conception. So everything...
Prabhupada: The Sankhya philosophy is also like that.
Prabhupada: Everything comes from Krsna.
Prabhupada: Oh, yes. Krsna is the origin of everything. Aham sarvasya prabhavah [Bg. 10.8]. When Krsna says, "I am the origin of everything," so the demonic quality is also coming from Krsna. Ye yatha mam prapadyante [Bg. 4.11]. If you want to become a demon, Krsna will supply the quality. You become first-class demon. Without Krsna's help you cannot become even demon. It is said, sarvasya caham hrdi sannivistah: [Bg. 15.15] "I am situated in everyone's heart." Sarvasya caham hrdi sannivistah. (aside:) What did you get by, while I speaking, taking photograph? I repeatedly ask you. You are obstinate.
Bhargava: Pardon?
Prabhupada: What do you get, special feature, when I talk? You take photograph?
Bhargava: I asked the other day if I could take during...
Prabhupada: Not during while I am talking. You don't take. That disturbs me. My attention goes to your photograph. It is very much disturbing.
So Krsna is the origin of everything. So in the sastra it is described just like my front portion and my back portion. So the back portion is also my bodily part, and the front portion is also my bodily part. So asuric propensities and irreligious things, they are just like Krsna's back portion, darkness, that this darkness, material energy, is called mama maya. The material energy is keeping everyone in darkness. But Krsna says, daivi hy esa gunamayi mama maya [Bg. 7.14]. So this... The darkness is another side of the light. Because there is light there is darkness. Darkness there is no independently. You can understand darkness because there is light. So light and darkness, they are simultaneously there, and everything is janmady asya yatah; [SB 1.1.1] everything's source is Krsna.
So, but Krsna... The darkness cannot act on Krsna. It acts on you. That is the difference. Just like we have discussed this verse, apasyat purusam purnam mayam ca tad-apasrayam. The sunlight... You just stand before the sun, facing the sun. Immediately there is darkness behind me. So darkness is there. But when you keep sun in your front there is no darkness. So darkness is also another creation of the light. But we are put into the darkness, the sun is not put into the darkness. The darkness behind me is captivating for me, not to the sun. So those who are devotees, those who are facing the sun, Krsna, for them there is no darkness. But those who are asuras, they are put into the darkness. So darkness is temporary, and it is dependent on light. Therefore it is creation of Krsna. That is the conclusion.
Pusta Krsna: When Krsna steals or does anything, we glorify it because He is absolute. So the Mayavadis, they say that the living entities are also absolute. Is that correct?
Prabhupada: No. That is a wrong theory. If Mayavadi is absolute..., jiva is absolute, then why they have become conditioned? Why? What is the answer?
Prabhupada: Yes.
Devotee (2): Srila Prabhupada, is it possible for one person to be part demon and part devotee in the same person?
Prabhupada: If he's a devotee, he's not demon at all, if he's devotee.
Devotee (2): But he may have some demoniac qualities?
Prabhupada: Yes. That, if he is seriously devotee, that demonic qualities will disappear very soon. Ksipram bhavati dharmatma. Api cet su-duracaro bhajate mam ananya-bhak sadhur eva sa mantavyah [Bg. 9.30], ksipram bhavati dharmatma. Just like electric fan is moving, and you make the switch off. Still you will find, it is moving. But that movement will stop very soon because switch is off. Similarly, a devotee, if it is sometimes found that he is demonic, that demonic, if he is sincerely a devotee, that demonic qualities will go very soon.
ksipram bhavati dharmatma
sasvac-chantim nigacchati kaunteya pratijanihi na me bhaktah pranasyati [Bg. 9.31] So if one is strongly a devotee, then, graduallyit may take little timeall good qualities will be manifest in his body. So, any other question?
Devotee (3): Srila Prabhupada, does Krsna know that He's sitting in everyone's heart?
Prabhupada: Huh?
Devotee (3): Does he know when... "The Supreme Lord sits in anyone's heart, O Arjuna, and He's directing the wandering of all living entities." Does He know when the living entities are going to surrender unto Him?
Prabhupada: So?
Pusta Krsna: The question is: if Krsna is sitting in everyone's heart and He knows the wanderings of all living entitiesHe's directing the wandering of all living entitiesthen does Krsna know the time, or does He direct the living entity at some certain time to surrender or is this the will of the living entity?
Prabhupada: He knows. Yes, He knows. What is your...? Is there any doubt?
Devotee (3): No, it wasn't a doubt, but...
Prabhupada: So what is the time He knows, do you know that? He knows that he will surrender, but when he will surrender... Then? That question must be there. That is explained in the Bhagavad-gita. Mam eva ye prapadyante mayam etam taranti te [Bg. 7.14]. He knows that "He'll be happy provided he surrenders unto Me, otherwise not." That He knows also. Is it all right? He knows that "As soon as he is surrendered unto Me he'll be free from the clutches of maya," and He knows it also, "If he does not know do so, then he'll never be free from maya." Both things He knows. Is it clear or not?
Prabhupada: Yes. He knows everything.
Pusta Krsna: But then they give the argument, "If He knows, then how does the living entity have choice?"
Prabhupada: Yes, that is given to him. He knows that "I have given him the independence," so you can use your choice. That He knows also. Yathecchasi tatha kuru [Bg. 18.63]. He knows.
Prabhupada: Yes.
Devotee (3): See, the argument could come that "If He is directing the wanderings of all living entities then I don't have to worry about surrendering. He will direct me to it."
Prabhupada: Yes. But ye yatha mam prapadyante [Bg. 4.11]. Why don't you see other verse? He is directing according to your desireunless you surrender. There are two kinds of direction. One kind of direction is when you do not surrender, and one kind of direction, when you have surrendered, because these things are there. My position is either surrender or not surrender. So the not surrender will get one kind of direction and the surrender will get another kind of direction. Both ways, there is direction. Without His direction he cannot act. Is it clear or not? He gives direction to both of them, but this both, one who is surrendered is a different person from the person who is surrendered. So they, both of them, get different direction in different position, but without His direction he cannot act, either the surrendered or not the surrendered. He has to give direction. So if you think, "My Lord, send me to the hell. I will be very much satisfied," "All right, you go to hell in this way. This is the path." And if you say "My lord, kindly take me to Your shelter," then He will give you direction, "You come in this way."
He says, tesam satata-yuktanam. Anyone who is twenty-four hours engaged in serving the Lord, bhajatam... This is called bhajana, always engaged in Krsna's service, bhajana-priti..., with love and faith. To such person, He gives a direction. What is that direction? Buddhi-yogam dadami tam: "I give him that buddhi-yoga." What for? Yena mam upayanti te. "By the process by which he is anxious to come to Me, I give intelligence, 'Yes, come this way. You come to Me.' " And those who are not devotee, they want to eat and sleep and sex life and defense in different types of bodies. The dog is also defending with his claws and teeth. The tiger is also defending. The man is also defending. And man is also have sex life, or the tiger has also sex life. The dog has also sex life. The dog is eating. The man is eating. In these affairs they offer, "Give me this facility, my Lord. I want to eat without everything with any dis..." "All right. You take the body of a hog and you eat stool." This direction. Ye yatha mam prapadyante tams tathaiva bhajamy aham [Bg. 4.11]. So as you want...
So these different types of want is different type of people. A demon's want is different and a demigod's want is different. But Krsna in both cases is the director. If he wants to prosper in this line, "All right, take My direction. Do it. You become a first-class demon like Hiranyakasipu, Ravana, and become very powerful and create a situation by which both you and your whole family will be killed." That direction is there. And to a demigod, devotee, His direction he has. He he goes back to home. He plays with Krsna as cowherds boy. He dances with Krsna as gopi. He becomes Krsna's father, Krsna's mother. Clear it. Is it clear or not?
Devotee (3): Yes.
Prabhupada: Krsna gives direction according to the person, he wants. If he wants like a demon, Krsna will give him very good direction how he can become a first-class demon. And if he wants to become an associate of Krsna, devotee, then He will give you first-class direction how you can become. [break] Without His direction you cannot go even a step forward. You are dependent in both the cases. You are not independent. You are dependent in both the cases. Now, as you want, whether you want to become a demon or whether you want to make a devotee and make progress in that line, that is your decision. Is that clear? Yes.
Devotee (3): Yes.
Girl: Srila Prabhupada, even if... All living entities are part and parcel of Krsna. Even if we don't surrender to Krsna in this lifetime, eventually we'll surrender to Him, each and every one of us.
Pusta Krsna: Everyone... Even if we don't surrender to Krsna in this life, will everyone surrender to Krsna? Will everyone go back to Godhead eventually?
Prabhupada: Hm? So you have got doubt? Rest assured not everyone will do that. So you have no worries. It is not that everyone will do that. Therefore Caitanya Mahaprabhu says, ei rupe brahmanda bhramite kona bhagyavan jiva [Cc. Madhya 19.151]. Unless one is bhagyavan, very fortunate, he'll not go back to home, back to Godhead. He will rot here. So this Krsna consciousness movement means we are trying to make people bhagyavan. If he wants, he can become bhagyavan. That is our attempt. We are creating so many centers. We are teaching how to become bhagyavan, fortunate, how to go back to home, how he can be happy. Now, if one is fortunate, they will take this instruction and turn his life. Therefore this is mission. But without becoming bhagyavan, nobody can go. Fortunate. So we are giving them chance to become fortunate. This is our mission. The most unfortunate is getting the chance of becoming fortunate. Any one of us can consider this, how from unfortunate life they are coming to fortunate. This is Krsna consciousness movement, that we are giving chance to the unfortunate. Everyone is unfortunate, everyone is a rascal. We are giving chance how to become intelligent and fortunate. This is Krsna consciousness. If the people are not so unfortunate and rascal, then what is the meaning of preaching? Preaching means that you have to turn the rascals and unfortunate to become intelligent and fortunate. That is preaching. But unless you are fortunate and intelligent, you cannot take to Krsna consciousness. That is a fact.
Prabhupada: Everyone is intelligent. That I have already explained. Everyone has got brain and intelligence, but he has to use it properly. That is wanted. That is education. You cannot teach a stone how to manufacture this microphone. That is not possible because he has no intelligence. But even one is dull brained, you can teach him by education how to manufacture this microphone. So intelligence is there, every living entity. Now, to train them how to utilize his intelligence... So one who is fortunate, he becomes trained up in intelligence how to go home, back to home, back to Godhead. And one who is not fortunate, his intelligence is used how to go to hell. That's all. That is duskrtina. To become a member of the hellish condition of life, that also requires intelligence. How to become first-class thief, how to become first-class cheater, first-class drunkard, first-class smugglerdoes it not require intelligence? It requires intelligence. But their intelligence is being used for going to hell. Another intelligence is being used to going back to home, back to Godhead. Intelligence is there in both the cases. Now, it is the technique, how to use it. That's all. That requires.
So duskrtina: "Those who are simply engaged in sinful activities and utilizing intelligence in that way," na mam prapadyante, "they cannot surrender to Me." So the intelligence is there. Everything is there. Senses are there. They have to be purified. Tat-paratvena nirmalam [Cc. Madhya 19.170]. The Krsna consciousness movement is to purify intelligence, not that intelligence is external, pushed in, within him, no, intelligence there, but at the present moment he is polluted. His intelligence is covered with so many dirty things. That has to be cleansed. Ceto-darpana-marjanam [Cc. Antya 20.12]. That is Krsna consciousness movement. His intelligence has to be cleansed. Other... Intelligence is there. Without intelligence, how one can be living being? Then he is stone. The Buddha philosophy, they mean to say that "Kill your intelligence. Then no more suffering from pain or pleasure. Just like stone. It has no feeling or suffering or pleasure." So that is not possible for the living entity to become as dull as the stone. That is not possible. (end)
Link to this page: https://prabhupadabooks.com/classes/bg/16/6/south_africa/october/18/1975 Previous: Bhagavad-gita 16.6 -- Hawaii, February 2, 1975 Next: Bhagavad-gita 16.6 -- Hyderabad, December 13, 1976
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