Now, so there are Upanisads. Generally they take eleven Upanisads primarily, but there are 108 Upanisads. Sometimes the explanation is given that "Why we have got 108 beads?" "Because there are 108 Upanisads." So chanting of Hare Krsna with 108 beads means that we are surpassing the study of 108 Upanisads. Another meaning is that there are 108 damsels who served Krsna with all respect at Vrndavana. So that is also another explanation, 108. We are serving Krsna's servitors, hundred and..., chief damsels of, at Vrndavana. So these 108 Upanisads are described, isa kena katha prasna munda mandukyo taittiri... You can count how many: Isopanisad, Kenopanisad, Kathopanisad, Prasnopanisad, Mundakopanisad, Mandukyopanisad, Taittiriyopanisad. Then aitareyas ca chandogya brhad-aranyakam tatha. Then Aitareya Upanisad, Chandogyopanisad, Brhad-aranyakopanisad, Brahmokaivalyopanisad, Jabalopanisad. There are so many Upanisads, 108 Upanisads. Aruneyopanisad, Garbho, Narayano, Hamsa. This Hamsaduta, the name, the Hamsa Upanisad, it comes from Hamsa. Garbho narayano hamso binduro narada sikah. Sika-upanisad, Narada Upanisad.

Now, so far Upanisads are concerned, here are some of the notes from different Upanisads given by Bhaktivinoda Thakura. He's quoting just like the statement of Upanisad, purnam adah, purnam adah purnam idam purnat purnam udacyate [Isopanisad, Invocation]. This is statement of one Upanisad, that the Supreme is purnam, means complete. There is no minus; it is always full, always purna. Purnam adah purnam idam. And because this creation, material creation, is emanated from that supreme complete, therefore this is also complete. Purnam idam. Purnat purnam udacyate. If a thing is complete and full, then the products should be also complete and full. So these are the statements. So how Krsna is complete? Krsna is completeHis energy, His opulence, His beauty, His knowledge. Similarly, He's complete always. Then another statement, vicitra sakti purusa purana. Another statement of Vedic literature, Upani..., vicitra sakti purusa purana. That Supreme Absolute Truth is a purusa. Purusa means enjoyer, man. Man is supposed to be the enjoyer. He's not woman. Woman is supposed to be enjoyed. Therefore this very word is used: purusa. And Purana, the oldest man, oldest man. Nobody... Because He's the cause of all causes; therefore He should be the oldest. And we are also oldest because we are part and parcel. We are also oldest. That is stated in the Srimad Bhagavad-gita, na jayate na mriyate va kadacit, purno nityah puranah... Na jayate na mriyate va kadacit na bhutva na bhuyah bhavita va, nityah sasvato 'yam puranah. Nityah sasvatah ayam puranah. Purana means the oldest. We are also the oldest. So because part and parcel, it is always with the Supreme. Just like the molecule of sunshine: they are part and parcel of the sun. Whenever there is sun, oh, the molecules of sunshine is also there. Similarly, we are molecules of the Supreme. Therefore whenever the Supreme is there, we are also there. Therefore we are also Purana. And purusa. Purusa means the tendency of becoming enjoyer. So that tendency we have also got. But we do not know that we can enjoy in cooperation with the Supreme because we are subordinate. Differently, we cannot enjoy. As soon as we make our plan to enjoy life differently with Krsna, then we fall under the clutches of maya. We cannot do that. Therefore we have to revive our consciousness that we agree to cooperate with Krsna. That will give us anandamayo 'bhyasat (Vedanta-sutra 1.1.12). Anandamayo 'bhyasat. Just like if you want to enjoy your life, some way or other, if you can secure a very nice service in the government, oh, your life is fulfilled. But if you want to enjoy your life separately... The government is all-powerful. If you become a departmental secretary, oh, immediately you get five thousand dollars and everything is all right. Similarly, some way or other, if you can become a secretary of Krsna, then your all problems solved. Don't try to enjoy independently. That is maya. That is maya.

Similarly, there are other statements. Sa vrksah kalah krtibhih paro 'nyat yasmad prapanca-parivartateyam dharmavaham papamaruddham. Then another statement, vedaham etat purusam mahantam aditya-varnam tamasah parastad, that vedaham: "I understand that Supreme Person." Vedaham. Vedaham means "I understand." Purusa. He's again purusa. In the Bhagavad-gita also you'll find, when Arjuna is recognizing Krsna, he said, param brahma param dhama pavitram paramam bhavan purusam [Bg. 10.12]. Again purusam. So God is never woman. The foolish person who says that God is, can be worshiped as woman, as mother... No. That is not according to Vedic literature. God is always father. Therefore Bible is all right-conception of father, not mother. Not that "I worship Kali, goddess mother, and become God." These are all nonsense. He's always father, purusa. Everywhere we find purusa. Never we find that God is a female. No. God cannot be female. Female is energy. Just like Radha and Krsna. Radha is Krsna, but the energy of Krsna, pleasure potency of Krsna. There is no difference between Radha and Krsna, and still, Krsna is male and Radha is female. So God, conception of God, always...

Now, again, patim patinam paramam parastad. That, that purusa, that... [break] ...mahantam, the greatest, mahantam. Mahantam means the last word of the greatest. Antam means the last, and maha means great. We have got idea of great, great, greater, greater, greatness, greatness. Where we finish all greatness, He's mahantam. Mahantam aditya-varnam. Aditya-varnam. Aditya means the sun. Just like sun. Wherever the sun planet is there, oh, there is sunshine, always shining. So where the sun planet... Wherefrom... The sun planet is also a material thing like this earth. Wherefrom the... [break] ...inhabitants, they're all fiery. Therefore their glaring effulgence is being manifested. So if you can see in the material world such effulgence of a certain point, particular planet, how can you disbelieve that Krsna planet is more dazzling? Krsna planet is more dazzling, and from Krsna planet the brahmajyoti is emanating. Yasya prabha prabhavato jagad-anda-koti-kotisv asesa-vasudhadi vibhuti-bhinnam [Bs. 5.40]. We get this information from Brahma-samhita that, by spreading His effulgence, yasya prabha... Prabha means illumination, prakasa. Just like this light is illuminating. So yasya prabha. "Because illuminating light is emanating from His body..." Yasya prabha prabhavato jagad-anda-koti: [Bs. 5.40] "In that effulgence, millions and millions of planets are generating." The same example you can take, that all these planets... This is scientifically true, I mean to say, that all these planets, they have generated from the sunshine. Similarly, spiritual world, that effulgence of the body of Krsna, that is spread, and there are hundreds and millions of Vaikuntha planets are there. Mahantam aditya-varnam. And then where is that aditya? Where is that supreme sun? Tamasah parastat. Oh, that is beyond this darkness. This material world is dark by nature. We have several times explained. Therefore in the temporary... Now, just see the arrangement. The sun is there to drive out darkness, but the night is also there so that we can understand that by nature it is dark. Simply by timely appearance of the sun, it becomes day. Therefore there is day and night, day and night, day and night. Tamasah parastat. And other Vedic literatures-tamasi ma jyotir gamah: "Don't keep yourself in this darkness. Just try to get out of it and go to that Brahman effulgence." Jyotir gamah. Tamasah parastat.

Then another Upanisad, patim patinam paramam parastat. Patim patinam. There are many patis. Patis means proprietor, or husband. A husband is also considered a proprietor of the woman according to Vedic literature; therefore the word dasi. A woman's surname is dasi. She agrees to serve the man. You have observed, when we get young couples married, we get it promised: the husband promises that "I take charge of your life. Your whole life shall be dependent upon me. I take full charge of you." And the woman agrees, "Yes, I also agree to serve you the whole life." This is marriage. The... If we exploit, of course... But this is the nice arrangement. This is cooperation. A woman agrees that "I shall serve you," because the man requires woman's service in so many ways by her ser..., cooking, by her embracing, by her becoming beautiful, so many ways. That is the encouragement so that he can work, he can live peacefully, he can discharge spiritual duties nicely. So there is cooperation. Stri-purusa. Purusa is supposed to be enjoyer, but both their lives become sublime when there is cooperation. So patih patinam. So everyone is given the chance of becoming a pati. Pati means husband, or proprietor. Even the ant, it has got also a companion, female ant. Even the dog, it has got also companion. Even the small bird, even the insect, even the flyeveryone is given. This is called visaya. Visaya means material enjoyment.

So visayah khalu sarvatah syat. This visaya, this material enjoyment, is provided by the laws of nature everywhere. Don't think that it is in the human society there is love and there is male-female combination. No. Everywhere. That is nature's arrangement. Visayah khalu sarvatah syat. Therefore Bhagavata asks everybody that "Don't be after visaya. Visaya is already arranged. Accept it as it is." But turnam yateta na mrtyum pateta yavat nihsreyasaya: "Your endeavor should be how to elevate yourself spiritually. Don't bother about visaya. Visaya is already arranged by nature's way." So patim patinam paramam parastat. No. He's also, God is also, as we are given the chance of becoming husband, similarly, He's the supreme husband. Supreme husband. Now, if He's the supreme husband and if He marries sixteen thousand wives, it is very difficult for Him? It is not at all difficult. So people do not understand, do not consult this Vedic literature, how it is stated the Supreme. How one can become Supreme? The Supreme... We judge the Supreme in the same philosophy, frog philosophy. "Atlantic Ocean? Oh, it may be a little bigger than this well. That's all." So our calculation of God is always like that. "Krsna, He looks like us, just like a man. So what is there? He may be a little powerful than me. All right, He has spoken Bhagavad-gita. All right. He's little more wiser than us." So we always compare with us. But it is not. He's supreme. We have no idea of the Supreme. Therefore we forget personality. Patim pati... It is clearly stated, pati. Can pati, the husband or proprietor, can become imperson? No. When the conception of pati, husband and proprietor, is there, then He is personal. Patim patinam paramam parastat mahan prabhavaih purusah.

Then again there is another statement: mahan prabhavaih purusah. The Lord Caitanya is called Mahaprabhu. Mahanprabhu. Prabhu, master. There are different kinds of master, but He's the mahan-prabhu, the Supreme Master, Supreme Master, and Purusa at the same time. Prabhu, you can say... A woman also can become the master. Just like in England there is queen. But no. Purusa. He is never woman. Parasya saktir vividhaiva sruyate [Cc. Madhya 13.65, purport]. Then again another statement from the Upanisads, that "The Supreme has multi-energies." Svabhaviki jnana-bala-kriya ca. He has got so much energies that it appears that it is being automatically done. Just like a, I mean to say, very important man you see. You go there and you... Suppose you ask him for some help, and suppose you want one million dollar, and if he gives you a slip, oh, you take it from there. If you get immediately, then you will understand, "Oh, how much powerful he is. Simply by a pencil, like this, I got millions of dollars!" So God is so powerful. It appears that..., everything is wonderfully, this material nature is working. But it is due to God's energy. His energies are so multifarious, He's so expert, that it appears automatically being done. Not automatically. Not automatically. No. Just like a big mathematician. You give him a very big sum, oh, and within a second, he will at once add it. And for me, I shall commit so many mistakes and perhaps the whole day will go on. Still, I shall not be able. Especially myself. I am never correct in adding. So if the... Supreme power means He has got so much energies, different kinds of energy, that it appears that there is no background, but the nature is working automatically. No. Bhagavad-gita says no. Mayadhyaksena prakrtih suyate sa-caracaram: [Bg. 9.10] "The whole nature is working under My superintendence." But the superintendence is so perfect and so nice and so energetic that there cannot be any mistake. So this is called parasya saktir vividhaiva sruyate [Cc. Madhya 13.65, purport].

Any question? Thank you very much.